Introduction to Legal Maxims

Legal maxims are established principles or prepositions of law that are universally admitted, and people in the legal field should be aware about these words. Most of the Latin maxims were developed in the Medieval era in European countries that used Latin as their language for law and court. The basic point, that we are required to know about the legal maxims is to know these maxims for the use in legal statements. The judgements of higher judiciary and the law books are quoted with legal maxims. The law in present age is acquainted with these maxims. These maxims have been originated from the Roman Law, 300 B.C., but in present age these maxims find reasons for public convenience and necessity in the Code of every civilized society. The legal maxims with their meaning are as follows

Ab Initio – From the beginning.
Actionable per se – The very act is punishable, and no proof of damage is required.
Actio personalis moritur cum persona – A personal right of action dies with the person. In another sense, if he dies, the right to sue is gone.
Actori incumbit onus probandi – The burden of proof is on the plaintiff.
Actus me invito factus non est mens actus – An act done by me against my will is not my act.
Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea – An act does not make one guilty unless it is accompanied by a guilty mind.
Actus reus – Guilty act.
Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea – Conviction of a crime requires proof of a criminal act and intent. Or an act does not make a defendant guilty without a guilty mind. Or an act does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intention.
Ad hoc – For the particular end or case at hand.
Alibi – At another place, elsewhere.
Amicus Curiae – A friend of court or member of the Bar who is appointed to assist the court.
Ante Litem Motam – Before suit brought; before controversy instituted, or spoken before a lawsuit is brought.
Assentio mentium – The meeting of minds, i.e. mutual assents.
Audi alteram partem – No person shall be condemned unheard.
Bona fide – In good faith.
Bona vacantia – Goods without an owner.
Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem – It is the part of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction, i.e. remedial authority.
Caveat – A caution registered with the public court to indicate to the officials that they are not to act in the matter mentioned in the caveat without first giving notice to the caveator.
Caveat actor – Let the doer beware.
Caveat emptor – Let the buyer beware.
Caveat venditor -Let the seller beware.
Certiorari – A writ by which orders passed by an inferior court is quashed.
Communis hostis omnium – They are common enemies of all. The common enemy of everyone. Read with section 4(2) of IPC.
Corpus – Body.
Corpus delicti – The facts and circumstances constituting a crime and Concrete evidence of a crime, such as a corpse (dead body).

Also, it refers to the principle that ‘a crime must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime.’ (This definition is mostly used in Western Law.)

Crimen trahit personam – The crime carries the person. Read with section 2 of IPC. In other words, it means wherever a person goes, and if he commits a crime there, then he will be covered by the provisions of the Indian Penal Code, that is, Interterritorial Jurisdiction.
Damnum sine injuria – Damages without injuries.
De facto – In fact.
De jure – By law.
De minimis – About minimal things.
De Minimis Non Curat Lex – The law does not govern trifles (unimportant things). Or law is not concerned with small or insignificant things/matters. Read with section 95 of IPC. Or A common law principle whereby judges will not sit in judgment of extremely minor transgressions (offense, wrongdoings) of the law.
De novo – To make something anew.
Dictum – Statement of law made by the judge in the course of the decision but not necessary to the decision itself.
Doli capax – Capable of forming necessary intent to commit a crime. Read with section 83 of IPC.
Doli incapax – Incapable of crime. Or incapable of forming the intent to commit a crime. Read with section 82 of IPC.
Detinue – Tort of wrongfully holding goods that belong to someone else.
Donatio mortis causa – Gift because of death. Or a future gift given in expectation of the donor’s imminent death and only delivered upon the donor’s death.
Estoppel – Prevented from denying.
Ex gratia – As favour.
Ex officio – Because of an office held.
Ex parte – Proceedings in the absence of the other party.
Ex post facto – Out of the aftermath. Or after the fact.
Falsus in uno falsus in omnibus – It means false in one thing, false in everything. Read under section 16 of the Indian Evidence Act. But this maxim is not followed in India, as held in the case of Suchita Singh and Anr vs State of Punjab and Ors (2015).
Fatum – Beyond human foresight.
Factum probandum – It means the facts that need to be proved. This maxim is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Factum probans – Relevant fact. In other words, it means a fact or statement of facts offered in evidence as proof of another fact. It is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Fraus est celare fraudem – It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.
Functus officio – No longer having power or jurisdiction.
Furiosi nulla voluntas est – Mentally impaired or mentally incapable persons cannot validly sign a will, contract, or form the frame of mind necessary to commit a crime. Or a person with mental illness has no free will.
Furious absentis loco est – A madman is like one who is absent. Read with section 84 of IPC.
Furiosis furore suo puiner -A madman is best punished by his own madness.
Furiosis nulla voluntas est – A madman has no will.
Habeas corpus – A writ to have the body of a person to be brought in before the judge.
Ignorantia facit doth excusat, Ignorance juris non-excusat – Ignorance of fact is an excuse, but ignorance of the law is no excuse. Read with sections 76 and 79 of IPC.
Ignorantia juris non excusat – Ignorance of law is not an excuse. Or ignorance of the law excuses no one. In other words, a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely because one was unaware of its content.
Injuria sine damnum – Injury without damage.
Ipso facto – By the mere fact.
In promptu – In readiness.
In lieu of – Instead of.
In personam – A proceeding in which relief I sought against a specific person.
Innuendo – Spoken words that are defamatory because they have a double meaning.
In status quo – In the present state.
Inter alia – Among other things.
Inter vivos – Between living people (especially of a gift as opposed to a legacy).
Interest Reipublicae Ut Sit Finis Litium – It means it is in the interest of the state that there should be an end to litigation.
Jus cogens or ius cogens – Compelling law.
Jus in personam – Right against a specific person (or party). Read under section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Jus in rem – Right against the world at large. Read under section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act. Related: What Is Right in Rem and Right in Personam?
Jus naturale – Natural law. Or in other words, a system of law based on fundamental ideas of right and wrong that is natural law.
Jus Necessitatis – It means a person’s right to do what is required, for which no threat of legal punishment is a dissuasion.

Jus non scriptum – Customary law.
Jus scriptum – Written law.
Jus – Law or right.
Justitia nemini neganda est – Justice is to be denied to nobody.
Jus soli – Right of soil.
Jus sanguins – Right of blood or descent.
Lex Fori – The law of the country. The law of evidence is lex fori. It means the law of evidence is the law of the land where court proceedings are taken.
Lex non a rege est violanda – The law must not be violated even by the king.
Locus standi – Right of a party to an action to appear and be heard by the court.
Mala fide – In bad faith.
Malum in se or Mala in se (plural) – Wrong or evil in itself. Or Mala in seis ‘a term that signifies crime that is considered wrong in and of itself.’ For example, most human beings believe that murder, rape, and theft are wrong, regardless of whether a law governs such conduct or where the conduct occurs and is thus recognizably malum in se.
Malum prohibitum – In a way, opposite of Malum in se. It means ‘crimes are criminal not because they are inherently bad, but because the act is prohibited by the law of the state.’ For example, jurisdiction in India requires drivers to drive on the left side of the road. This is not because driving on the right side of a road is considered immoral, but because the law says to drive on the left side and not on the right side.
Mandamus – ‘We command’. A writ of command issued by a higher court to government and public authority to compel the performance of public duty.
Mens rea – Guilty mind.
Misnomer – A wrong or inaccurate name or term.
Modus operandi – Way of working. Or mode of operation.
Modus Vivendi – Way of living.
Mutatis Mutandis – With the necessary changes having been made. Or having considered the respective differences.
Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto –Nobody can punish someone twice for the same offense.
Nemo debet bis vexari pro una et eadem causa – It means no man shall be punished twice for the same offense.
Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa or Nemo judex in causa sua or Nemo judex in sua causa – Nobody can be the judge in his own case.
Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire – A man will not meet his maker (God) with a lie in his mouth. Or, in other words, we presume that no man at the point of death is lying. This maxim is related to dying declaration.
Nemo Potest esse tenens et dominus – Nobody can be both a landlord and a tenant of the same property.
Nolle prosequi – A formal notice of abandonment by a plaintiff or prosecutor of all or part of a suit.
Novation – All parties agree to replace an existing contract with a new contract in this transaction
Nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege – There must be no crime or punishment except in accordance with fixed, predetermined law. In other words, there must be no punishment without law.
Nunc pro tunc – Now for then. A ruling nunc pro tunc applies retroactively to correct an earlier ruling.
Non Sequitur – A statement (such as a response) that does not follow logically from or is not clearly related to anything previously said.

Obiter dictum – Things said by the way.

Judges generally use it in law to refer to an opinion or non-necessary remark.

It does not act as a precedent.

Onus probandi – Burden of proof. Read under section 102 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Pacta Sunt Servanda – Agreements must be kept. Or Agreements are legally binding.

Pari passu – With an equal step.
Particeps criminis – A participator in the actual crime/partner in crime.
Per curiam (decision or opinion) – By the court.

In other words, the court (or at least, a majority of the court) collectively makes the decision.
Per se – By itself.
Persona non grata – A person who is unacceptable or unwelcome.

Potior est conditio possidentis – It means in equal fault (better is the condition of the possessor). Read under section 110 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Prima facie – At first sight. Or on the face of it.
Alimony – A husband’s (or wife’s) provision for a spouse after separation or divorce; maintenance.
Palimony – Money which a man pays to a woman with whom he has been living and from whom he is separated. Palimony has slightly different meanings in different jurisdictions.
Per curiam – By a court.
Per incuriam – Because of lack of care.
Quantum meruit – What one has earned. Or the amount he deserves.

Qui facit per alium, facit per se – He who acts through other acts himself.
The person who does wrong while drunk must face punishment when sober.

Quid pro quo – Something for something.
Qui sentit commodum, sentire debet et onus – It means he who receives advantage must also bear the burden.
Quo warranto – By what authority. A writ calling upon one to show under what authority he holds or claims a public office.
Quod necessitas non habet legem or Necessitas non habet legem – Necessity knows no law.
Ratio decidendi – Principle or reason underlying a court judgement. Or the rule of law on which a judicial decision is based.
Respondeat superior – Let the master answer. For example, employers are liable for acts of employees performed within the course of their employment under certain circumstances. This rule is also known as the master-servant rule. For example, under certain circumstances, employers hold liability for acts of their employees performed within the course of their employment. This rule is also known as the master-servant rule.

Res ipsa loquitor – The thing speaks for itself. Read under section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act. Related: What Is Res Ipsa Loquitor
Res Judicata – A matter already judged. In other words, it means a matter finally decided by a competent court on the basis of merits. Read under section 40 of the Indian Evidence Act. Related: Res Judicate Is Based On 3 Maxims. Related: Res Judicata vs Res Sub Judice
Accept res judicata as the truth of the matter – This means that we must accept a judicial decision as correct Rex non protest peccare – The king can do no wrong.
Salus populi est suprema lex or Suprema lex salus populi – The welfare of the people is the supreme law. In other words, it means public welfare is the highest law. Read under section 123 of Evidence Act.
Status quo – State of things as they are now.
Sine die – With no day (indefinitely).
Sine qua non – “Without which nothing”. An essential condition. A thing that is absolutely necessary. Basically, a component of an argument that, if debunked, causes the entire argument to crumble.
Suo Motu – On its own motion.
Uberrima fides (sometimes uberrimae fidei) – Utmost good faith.
Ubi jus ibi remedium – Where there is a right, there is a remedy.
Veto – The ability to ban or order not to allow something to become law, even if a parliament has passed it.
Vice versa – Reverse position.
Vis’s major – Act of God.
Volenti non fit injuria – Damage suffered by consent gives no cause of action.

One cannot consider harm caused with consent as an injury. Read with section 87 of IPC.

Vox populi – Voice of the people. Or the opinion of the majority of the people.
Waiver – Voluntarily giving up or removing the conditions.

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Introduction to Legal Maxims

Introduction to Legal Maxims

Ab Initio – From the beginning.

Actionable per se – The very act is punishable, and no proof of damage is required.

Actio personalis moritur cum persona – A personal right of action dies with the person. In another sense, if he dies, the right to sue is gone.

Actori incumbit onus probandi – The burden of proof is on the plaintiff.

Actus me invito factus non est mens actus – An act done by me against my will is not my act.

Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea – An act does not make one guilty unless it is accompanied by a guilty mind.

Actus reus – Guilty act.

Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea – Conviction of a crime requires proof of a criminal act and intent. Or an act does not make a defendant guilty without a guilty mind. Or an act does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intention.

Ad hoc – For the particular end or case at hand.

Alibi – At another place, elsewhere.

Amicus Curiae – A friend of court or member of the Bar who is appointed to assist the court.

Ante Litem Motam – Before suit brought; before controversy instituted, or spoken before a lawsuit is brought.

Assentio mentium – The meeting of minds, i.e. mutual assents.

Audi alteram partem – No person shall be condemned unheard.

Bona fide – In good faith.

Bona vacantia – Goods without an owner.

Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem – It is the part of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction, i.e. remedial authority.

Caveat – A caution registered with the public court to indicate to the officials that they are not to act in the matter mentioned in the caveat without first giving notice to the caveator.

Caveat actor – Let the doer beware.

Caveat emptor – Let the buyer beware.

Caveat venditor -Let the seller beware.

Certiorari – A writ by which orders passed by an inferior court is quashed.

Communis hostis omnium – They are common enemies of all. The common enemy of everyone. Read with section 4(2) of IPC.

Corpus – Body.

Corpus delicti – The facts and circumstances constituting a crime and Concrete evidence of a crime, such as a corpse (dead body).

Also, it refers to the principle that ‘a crime must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime.’ (This definition is mostly used in Western Law.)

Crimen trahit personam – The crime carries the person. Read with section 2 of IPC. In other words, it means wherever a person goes, and if he commits a crime there, then he will be covered by the provisions of the Indian Penal Code, that is, Interterritorial Jurisdiction.

Damnum sine injuria – Damages without injuries.

De facto – In fact.

De jure – By law.

De minimis – About minimal things.

De novo – To make something anew.

Dictum – Statement of law made by the judge in the course of the decision but not necessary to the decision itself.

Doli capax – Capable of forming necessary intent to commit a crime. Read with section 83 of IPC.

Doli incapax – Incapable of crime. Or incapable of forming the intent to commit a crime. Read with section 82 of IPC.

Detinue – Tort of wrongfully holding goods that belong to someone else.

Donatio mortis causa – Gift because of death. Or a future gift given in expectation of the donor’s imminent death and only delivered upon the donor’s death.

Estoppel – Prevented from denying.

Ex gratia – As favour.

Ex officio – Because of an office held.

Ex parte – Proceedings in the absence of the other party.

Ex post facto – Out of the aftermath. Or after the fact.

Falsus in uno falsus in omnibus – It means false in one thing, false in everything. Read under section 16 of the Indian Evidence Act. But this maxim is not followed in India, as held in the case of Suchita Singh and Anr vs State of Punjab and Ors (2015).

Fatum – Beyond human foresight.

Factum probandum – It means the facts that need to be proved. This maxim is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.

Factum probans – Relevant fact. In other words, it means a fact or statement of facts offered in evidence as proof of another fact. It is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.

Fraus est celare fraudem – It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.

Functus officio – No longer having power or jurisdiction.

Furiosi nulla voluntas est – Mentally impaired or mentally incapable persons cannot validly sign a will, contract, or form the frame of mind necessary to commit a crime. Or a person with mental illness has no free will.

Furious absentis loco est – A madman is like one who is absent. Read with section 84 of IPC.

Furiosis furore suo puiner -A madman is best punished by his own madness.

Furiosis nulla voluntas est – A madman has no will.

Habeas corpus – A writ to have the body of a person to be brought in before the judge.

Ignorantia facit doth excusat, Ignorance juris non-excusat – Ignorance of fact is an excuse, but ignorance of the law is no excuse. Read with sections 76 and 79 of IPC.

Ignorantia juris non excusat – Ignorance of law is not an excuse. Or ignorance of the law excuses no one. In other words, a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely because one was unaware of its content.

Injuria sine damnum – Injury without damage.

Ipso facto – By the mere fact.

In promptu – In readiness.

In lieu of – Instead of.

In personam – A proceeding in which relief I sought against a specific person.

Innuendo – Spoken words that are defamatory because they have a double meaning.

In status quo – In the present state.

Inter alia – Among other things.

Inter vivos – Between living people (especially of a gift as opposed to a legacy).

Interest Reipublicae Ut Sit Finis Litium – It means it is in the interest of the state that there should be an end to litigation.

Jus cogens or ius cogens – Compelling law.

Jus in personam – Right against a specific person (or party). Read under section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act.

Jus in rem – Right against the world at large. Read under section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act. Related: What Is Right in Rem and Right in Personam?

Jus naturale – Natural law. Or in other words, a system of law based on fundamental ideas of right and wrong that is natural law.

Jus Necessitatis – It means a person’s right to do what is required, for which no threat of legal punishment is a dissuasion.

Jus non scriptum – Customary law.

Jus scriptum – Written law.

Jus – Law or right.

Justitia nemini neganda est – Justice is to be denied to nobody.

Jus soli – Right of soil.

Jus sanguins – Right of blood or descent.

Lex Fori – The law of the country. The law of evidence is lex fori. It means the law of evidence is the law of the land where court proceedings are taken.

Lex non a rege est violanda – The law must not be violated even by the king.

**Actio personalis moritur cum persona – A personal right of action dies with the person. In another sense, if he dies, the right to sue is gone.**

**Factum probandum – It means the facts that need to be proved. This maxim is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.**

**Factum probans – Relevant fact. In other words, it means a fact or statement of facts offered in evidence as proof of another fact. It is read under section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act.**

**Nunc pro tunc – Now for then. A ruling nunc pro tunc applies retroactively to correct an earlier ruling.**